Achievement Test
Achievement
test
Achievement test is tool for teachers for
evaluation of students in school situation. With the help of achievement
test we can measure the amount of success of an individual in specific field.
In school environment it is used as an instrument to measure success of an
individual in particular subject or group of subjects. It gives the knowledge
about what an individual acquire by testing his abilities.
Definitions
Achievement test is the tool which helps in
measures the capacities and capabilities of an individual. It is also helpful
in upgrading the standard of education in an energetic way so that the
individual can see with their own eyes that what they achieve by their past
learning.
Some of the definitions of achievement test are given
below.
According to Waters, “Achievement test act as
useful aids in diagnosing the student’s specific learning needs for identifying
his relative strengths and weaknesses”.
According to Super, “An achievement test or
proficiency test is used to ascertain what and how much has been learnt or how
well a task can performed”.
According to Free Man, “Achievement test is a
test designed to measure knowledge, understanding and skills in a specified
subject or a group of subjects”.
According to N.M. Downie, “Any test that measures
the attainments or accomplishments of an individual after period of training or
learning is called achievement test. It helps to permute the student to next
class.”
Construction
and standardization of an achievement test
Construction: For constructing
achievement test in any school subject. Following two question are gives a way
to construct the achievement test.
a.
What to measure?
b.
How to measure?
a.
What to measure involves certain objectives in view that enables
to bring accepted changes in the students behavior when we teach.
b.
How to measure involves how to construct an instrument that
measures the abilities of students.
Standardization: Standardization is the
process of high qualities and deep understanding of subject matter. Standardization
test specifies the directions for administrating and scoring the test on
different groups of individuals like whom that the test is designed. Standard content
develops the procedure for identical test on individuals in different places
and at different times.
General principles
or steps for construction of achievement test
Following are the steps for constructing an
achievement test.
1. Planning the test
a.
Designing the test
b.
Preparation of blue print
2. Preparing Preliminary draft
a.
Item writing
b.
Item editing
c.
Pre try out
3. The try out
4. Item analysis
5. Preparing the final draft
6. Establishment of
a.
Reliability
b.
Validity
c.
Norms
Description of all above steps is described below
briefly.
1.
Planning the test: Planning of achievement
test will be carried out with the help of two steps.
a. Designing of test
Designing is most important step in the building
test. Designer should be careful about planning and making test successful. He
should keep this in mind that how and what types of questions are used. He has
to decide weightage for different objectives and units in the course. Following
points helps designer to design test in systematic way.
i.
Identification of objectives
ii.
Measurement of content
iii.
Allotment of time
iv.
Allotment of marks
v.
Include multiple choice question
vi.
Emphasis on each subject and area of question
b. Preparation of blueprint
After designing preparation of blueprint is the
last stage of the planning of test. Here test constructor put various type of
question in blueprint and allots them marks depending on the time. The tester
writes down his decisions in the form of a blueprint.
Following figure is the example of blueprint.
With the completion of blueprint the remaining
decisions of the design will become the basis for writing the items.
2. Preliminary draft
Preliminary draft is prepared by following three
stages.
a. Item writing: It is important step in preliminary draft and
here blue print is used as a guide writing this draft. Test conductor should
have following points in mind when he writes items for preliminary draft.
i.
Each item contains single idea.
ii.
Questions should be clear.
iii.
Simple and easy to understand.
iv.
Double barreled question should be avoided.
v.
Arrangement of items should be from simple to complex.
vi.
Subjective question should also be avoided.
b. Item editing: Then the
item should be edited and reviewed by language teacher and also by experts of
measurement. Language teacher will check the errors in language and defect in
words. By removing defects it is submitting to experts. Experts of measurement
measure the level of achievement of items.
c.
Pre try out: The draft is modified and
remove the shortcomings of preliminary draft. In this stage constructer is
confident for the usability of test.
3. The try out
To ensure the proper operating of test items and
to remove shortcoming, it is essential to have try out of items. This helps in
predict how students will work in actual practices.
At the try out stage, the test should be so timed
that nearly 90% of the sample should be able to attempt all the items of the
test. The test sheets alongwith answer sheets are collected and answer sheets
are used for scoring with the help of scoring keys. Keep following points in
mind while testing in sample.
i.
Proper sitting arrangements.
ii.
Time of administrating the test.
iii.
Total time required for test.
iv.
Proper motivation with the pupil.
4. Item analysis
In this stage test constructer examining the
responses of respondents in the sample to each test item. It can also be define
as it is a statistical procedure by which the appropriate items are selected
for the final draft and poor items are rejected. Item analysis is an analysis
of responses made to ‘teacher made tests’ by the pupil in the class.
5. Final draft
In the final draft questions should be arranged
in such way that easy, average and difficult and again starts from easy and so
on. By doing this student at least go through whole test because he know that some
of remaining questions are easy. When the test is arranged properly with the
help of principles, a clear identity of test is appeared.
6. Establishment of Reliability, Validity and Norms
With the selection of good items final draft has
been prepared and the final step is the establishment of reliability, validity
and norms. These test items administered to a larger sample.
a. Reliability: The
reliability of a test measures whatever it measure. There are many methods for
computing the reliability of a test and the most appropriate method for
computing reliability of achievement test is Split-half method.
b. Validity: It is very important aspect of test and it can be determined
as the degree which is capable of measuring achievements and it is design to do
so. Valid test is highly reliable. Validity is measured by four methods.
i.
Face validity
ii.
Content validity
iii.
Concurrent validity
iv.
Predictive validity
c. Norms: It is average score of sample population. These are the
level obtained by a particular group of persons on a test. There are many types
of norms like age norms, grade norms, percentile norms and standard scores.
too gud...concept clear n a gud note for exam.thx
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ReplyDeletean achievement test at the end of the term?
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